[Wikipedia] Description, Distribution, Ecology: Pinguicula macroceras, the California butterwort[1] or horned butterwort, is a species of perennial carnivorous herb that is native to the North American Pacific coast, as well as other select distributions in Canada, Russia, Japan, and the United States. Distribution. In North America P. macroseras is found within 750 km of the Pacific coast in California, Oregon, Washington, and into Canada.[1] [7] Other populations of P. macroceras are known to exist in Russia and Japan.[3] Disputes over the classification of P. macroceras as a species rather than a sub-species of P. vulgaris along with the difficulties of distinguishing the two species from each other have made defining the distribution of P. macroceras difficult in areas where the species are sympatric.[2] Ecology. Pinguicula macroceras exists in an ecological niche that is unsuitable for most other types of plant life with some exceptions e.g. moss. They have done this by growing in water abundant, nutrient deprived serpentine soils and cliff sides, adopting a carnivorous behavior to supplement the nutrients that are absent in the serpentine habitats. (link added by Mary Ann Machi)